{"id":2431,"date":"2026-04-15T21:39:25","date_gmt":"2026-04-15T19:39:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zpravodaj.gymnsostelc.cz\/?p=2431"},"modified":"2026-04-15T21:39:25","modified_gmt":"2026-04-15T19:39:25","slug":"line-hloupe-a-roztekane-deti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zpravodaj.gymnsostelc.cz\/index.php\/autori\/radim-salanda\/line-hloupe-a-roztekane-deti\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u00edn\u00e9, hloup\u00e9 a rozt\u011bkan\u00e9 d\u011bti"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Ten kluk je prost\u011b l\u00edn\u00fd a neposlu\u0161n\u00fd. Tak zn\u00ed v\u011bta, kterou si vyslechl asi ka\u017ed\u00fd mu\u017esk\u00fd pacient s ADHD. \u017dijeme sice v dob\u011b, kdy je na du\u0161evn\u00ed zdrav\u00ed kladen st\u00e1le v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed d\u016fraz, ov\u0161em obecn\u00e9 pov\u011bdom\u00ed o psychick\u00fdch poruch\u00e1ch je st\u00e1le dosti chab\u00e9. A u ADHD to plat\u00ed obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165. Jednak je to t\u00edm, \u017ee nejv\u00fdrazn\u011bji se s n\u00edm setk\u00e1me u d\u011bt\u00ed, jednak t\u00edm, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o pojem pom\u011brn\u011b nov\u00fd. Co tedy ADHD je? Kde se vzalo? Co jej zp\u016fsobuje? A jak vypad\u00e1 \u017eivot \u010dlov\u011bka s takovou nemoc\u00ed?\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nejd\u0159\u00edve se poj\u010fme pod\u00edvat na n\u00e1zev samotn\u00fd. ADHD je anglick\u00e1 zkratka pro Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, co\u017e se do \u010de\u0161tiny p\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1 jako porucha pozornosti s hyperaktivitou (to v\u0161ak nezn\u00ed tak \u00fadern\u011b a v praxi se s t\u00edm p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nesetk\u00e1te). Prvn\u00edm vod\u00edtkem pro to, pro\u010d ve\u0159ejnost o ADHD p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nev\u00ed je toti\u017e n\u00e1zev samotn\u00fd. Dlouh\u00e1 l\u00e9ta neexistoval jednotn\u00fd n\u00e1zev a nap\u0159\u00edklad v b\u00fdval\u00e9m \u010ceskoslovensku se tak pou\u017e\u00edvala ozna\u010den\u00ed jako LDE (lehk\u00e1 d\u011btsk\u00e1 encefalopatie), LMD (lehk\u00e1 mozkov\u00e1 dysfunkce), hyperkinetick\u00e1 porucha, ADD (kter\u00fd se u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 dodnes, ov\u0161em pouze jako podtyp ADHD) a dal\u0161\u00ed. P\u0159itom u\u017e sta\u0159\u00ed \u0158ekov\u00e9 m\u011bli o t\u00e9to nemoci jak\u00e9si pov\u011bdom\u00ed a naz\u00fdvali ji akrasia. A\u017e roku 1987 toti\u017e zavedla Americk\u00e1 psychiatrick\u00e1 asociace term\u00edn ADHD, kter\u00fd se uchytil.\u202f <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Co vlastn\u011b ale tato zkratka znamen\u00e1? Mezi nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed projevy ADHD pat\u0159\u00ed pot\u00ed\u017ee s pozornost\u00ed, \u0161patn\u00e1 organizace \u010dasu, hyperaktivita, tedy nadbyte\u010dn\u00e9 a neopodstatn\u011bn\u00e9 pohyby \u010di \u0159e\u010d, impulzivita, ale i zhor\u0161en\u00e1 sebereflexe a verbalizace emoc\u00ed. A to je druh\u00fd k\u00e1men \u00farazu. Nemoc je \u010dasto br\u00e1na na lehkou v\u00e1hu, proto\u017ee kter\u00e9 d\u00edt\u011b p\u0159ece zvl\u00e1dne udr\u017eet pozornost na n\u011b\u010dem, co ho nebav\u00ed? Nav\u00edc d\u011bt\u00ed, kter\u00e9 jsou \u201cprost\u011b \u017eiv\u00e9\u201d a mus\u00ed neust\u00e1le b\u011bhat a n\u011bco d\u011blat jsou na sv\u011bt\u011b miliony. Spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 d\u00edt\u011b p\u0159ece nebude jen sed\u011bt na zadku! No\u2026to je sice pravda, ale v\u0161echno m\u00e1 sv\u00e9 meze a p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny. D\u00edt\u011b, kter\u00e9 je prost\u011b ak\u010dn\u00ed, se s v\u011bkem nau\u010d\u00ed udr\u017eet pozornost a zklidn\u00ed se, ale d\u00edt\u011b, kter\u00e9 trp\u00ed ADHD se s t\u00edmto probl\u00e9mem bude pot\u00fdkat \u010dasto je\u0161t\u011b v dosp\u011blosti. A odkud pramen\u00ed? To v\u00e1m vlastn\u011b nikdo s jistotou ne\u0159ekne. Respektive \u0159ekne, ale ka\u017ed\u00fd bude tvrdit n\u011bco \u00fapln\u011b jin\u00e9ho. Jak u\u017e to u psychick\u00fdch poruch b\u00fdv\u00e1, n\u00e1zory na jejich vznik a p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny se r\u016fzn\u00ed. Stejn\u011b jako existuj\u00ed hypot\u00e9zy o vzniku nemoci ji\u017e v t\u011bhotenstv\u00ed, tak existuj\u00ed domn\u011bnky o traumatech a \u00farazech v ran\u00e9m d\u011btstv\u00ed, ale i o d\u011bdi\u010dnosti, vystaven\u00ed olovu nebo um\u011bl\u00fdm barviv\u016fm, nedostate\u010dn\u011b vyvinut\u00fdch drah\u00e1ch v mozku a mnoh\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed. Jist\u00e9 je jen to, \u017ee z hlediska biologie a medic\u00edny se jedn\u00e1 o odchylku v p\u0159enosu neurotransmiter\u016f, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 dopad na kognitivn\u00ed\u00a0funkce. ADHD m\u00e1 pak t\u0159i subtypy: ADHD-I, kde p\u0159evl\u00e1d\u00e1 nepozornost, ADHD-H, kde p\u0159evl\u00e1d\u00e1 hyperaktivita a ADHD-C, tedy kombinace obou.\u202f\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kdy\u017e ale nev\u00edme, co nemoc zp\u016fsobuje, tak jak ji m\u016f\u017eeme l\u00e9\u010dit? Mo\u017enost\u00ed je spousta, ale v\u011bt\u0161ina z nich se soust\u0159ed\u00ed hlavn\u011b na potla\u010den\u00ed projev\u016f a adaptaci pacienta v b\u011b\u017en\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b. Prvn\u00ed mo\u017enost\u00ed jsou samoz\u0159ejm\u011b l\u00e9ky, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b psychofarmaka, kter\u00e1 zvy\u0161uj\u00ed hladinu ur\u010dit\u00fdch hormon\u016f v t\u011ble a t\u00edm tlum\u00ed hyperaktivitu a zvy\u0161uj\u00ed pozornost. Probl\u00e9mem ale je, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd pacient reaguje na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed l\u00e9k jinak, a proto tabletky, kter\u00e9 jednomu pom\u00e1haj\u00ed, druh\u00e9mu ned\u011blaj\u00ed bu\u010f v\u016fbec nic, nebo dokonce v\u0161e zhor\u0161uj\u00ed. V\u011bt\u0161ina t\u011bchto l\u00e9k\u016f je prodejn\u00e1 pouze na p\u0159edpis a samy o sob\u011b \u010dasto na probl\u00e9m nesta\u010d\u00ed. Proto p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed v kombinaci s druh\u00fdm l\u00e9\u010debn\u00fdm\u00a0postupem,\u00a0a to je psychoterapie. Na pravideln\u00fdch sezen\u00edch se pacient s vy\u0161kolen\u00fdm expertem zam\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed\u00a0na\u00a0vytvo\u0159en\u00ed vhodn\u00fdch n\u00e1vyk\u016f a technik, jak s nemoc\u00ed bezprobl\u00e9mov\u011b fungovat. D\u016fle\u017eitou roli v tomto procesu hraje i nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed okol\u00ed (tedy rodina, u\u010ditel\u00e9, \u2026) kter\u00e9 by m\u011blo m\u00edt dobr\u00e9 pov\u011bdom\u00ed o nemoci a pomoct d\u00edt\u011bti v t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdch situac\u00edch.\u202f\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
\u010clov\u011bk, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 ADHD, sice m\u016f\u017ee trp\u011bt probl\u00e9my s pozornost\u00ed, ale to neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee j\u00ed nen\u00ed schopn\u00fd. Foto: Marta Vesel\u00e1 Jirousov\u00e1<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ne\u017e ale dojde na l\u00e9\u010dbu, je pot\u0159eba, aby v\u00e1m byla porucha diagnostikov\u00e1na. Kv\u016fli jej\u00edm projev\u016fm, kter\u00e9 mohou m\u00edt r\u016fznou intenzitu, si o sob\u011b spousta lid\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee myslet, \u017ee na tuto nemoc trp\u00ed, ov\u0161em fin\u00e1ln\u00ed slovo m\u00e1 v\u017edy\u00a0zku\u0161en\u00fd\u00a0odborn\u00edk. Probl\u00e9m ale je, \u017ee symptomy se mohou p\u0159ekr\u00fdvat s projevy jin\u00fdch onemocn\u011bn\u00ed (nap\u0159\u00edklad poruchy u\u010den\u00ed, chov\u00e1n\u00ed, poruchy autistick\u00e9ho\u00a0spektra, \u2026).\u00a0K prvn\u00edm projev\u016fm doch\u00e1z\u00ed u\u017e mezi 3-4 rokem, ale \u010dast\u011bji a\u017e se za\u010d\u00e1tkem \u0161koln\u00ed doch\u00e1zky a odborn\u00edci se shoduj\u00ed, \u017ee nezpochybnitelnou diagn\u00f3zu nelze ur\u010dit d\u0159\u00edve ne\u017e v sedm\u00e9m roce \u017eivota. To v\u0161e nav\u00edc zhor\u0161uje fakt, \u017ee a\u017e\u00a0u\u00a044 % d\u011btsk\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f se vedle ADHD pacient pot\u00fdk\u00e1 i s dal\u0161\u00edmi poruchami. Nej\u010dast\u011bji to je dyslexie, dysgrafie \u010di dyskalkulie. A co je hor\u0161\u00ed? U dosp\u011bl\u00fdch to je a\u017e 75 % p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f, kter\u00e9 doprov\u00e1z\u00ed obt\u00ed\u017ee jako vysok\u00e1 citlivost, deprese, \u00fazkosti, fobie\u00a0atd. Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 je i to, \u017ee nemoc se \u010dasto projevuje odli\u0161n\u011b u d\u00edvek a u chlapc\u016f, co\u017e vede k chybn\u00fdm diagn\u00f3z\u00e1m, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b to cel\u00fd proces zdr\u017e\u00ed, nebo k n\u011bmu nedojde v\u016fbec. U \u017een je je\u0161t\u011b dobr\u00e9 zm\u00ednit, \u017ee v z\u00e1vislosti na hormon\u00e1ln\u00edm cyklu, kter\u00fd je pon\u011bkud komplexn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e ten mu\u017esk\u00fd, doch\u00e1z\u00ed ke komplikac\u00edm v l\u00e9\u010db\u011b pomoc\u00ed farmaceutick\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpravk\u016f.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To by bylo k fakt\u016fm a medic\u00edn\u011b, ale nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed na t\u00e9to nemoci jsou samoz\u0159ejm\u011b lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed tuto poruchu maj\u00ed. Jak u\u017e jsem zm\u00ednil, nejsou to pouze d\u011bti. ADHD postihuje i dosp\u011blou populaci, a to v nemal\u00fdch \u010d\u00edslech. U d\u011bt\u00ed jsou probl\u00e9my jasn\u00e9, pot\u00ed\u017ee s u\u010den\u00edm, pot\u00ed\u017ee s navazov\u00e1n\u00edm soci\u00e1ln\u00edch vztah\u016f, t\u011blesn\u00fd i du\u0161evn\u00ed neklid, ale co u dosp\u011bl\u00fdch? Dosp\u011bl\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk je narozd\u00edl od d\u00edt\u011bte v\u00edce odk\u00e1zan\u00fd na sebe, \u010dasto je p\u00e1nem sv\u00e9ho \u010dasu a m\u00e1 zodpov\u011bdnost, kterou d\u00edt\u011b nenese. V tom je \u00faskal\u00ed \u017eivota s touto poruchou, proto\u017ee nehled\u011b na to, jak je \u010dlov\u011bk inteligentn\u00ed a schopn\u00fd, st\u00e1le m\u00e1 v hlav\u011b tuto p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eku, kter\u00e1 ho brzd\u00ed. Bylo by v\u0161ak dost omezen\u00e9 si myslet, \u017ee lid\u00e9 s ADHD to nikam nedot\u00e1hnou. Pr\u00e1v\u011b naopak! Herci jako Ryan\u00a0Gosling, Emma Watson,\u00a0Will\u00a0Smith, zp\u011bv\u00e1ci jako Adam\u00a0Levine, Will.i.am, sportovci jako Michael\u00a0Phelps\u00a0(americk\u00fd plavec, dr\u017eitel rekordn\u00edho\u00a0po\u010dtu olympijsk\u00fdch medail\u00ed), tito v\u0161ichni byli s ADHD diagnostikov\u00e1ni. I historick\u00e9 osobnosti jako Amadeus Mozart, Thomas Edison,\u00a0Walt\u00a0Disney nebo dokonce Albert Einstein, jsou dnes pova\u017eov\u00e1ni za lidi, kte\u0159\u00ed touto poruchou trp\u011bli. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed z nich dokonce p\u0159ikl\u00e1daj\u00ed sv\u016fj \u00fasp\u011bch \u010di kreativitu pr\u00e1v\u011b ADHD! A aby v\u0161e nebylo jen \u010dern\u00e9, je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 zm\u00ednit, \u017ee \u010dlov\u011bk, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 ADHD, sice m\u016f\u017ee trp\u011bt probl\u00e9my s pozornost\u00ed, ale to neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee j\u00ed nen\u00ed schopn\u00fd. Pokud se zam\u011b\u0159\u00ed na jednu jedinou \u010dinnost, co\u017e je pro n\u011b mnohdy snaz\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e pro ostatn\u00ed, mohou dos\u00e1hnout perfektn\u00ed\u00a0hyperfokusace, tedy vysok\u00e9 pozornosti, a dos\u00e1hnout i lep\u0161\u00edch v\u00fdsledk\u016f\u00a0ne\u017e zdrav\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk. Nav\u00edc je l\u00e9ta pot\u00ed\u017e\u00ed pro\u0161kolila v c\u00edlev\u011bdomosti a\u00a0dok\u00e1\u017e\u00ed\u00a0vyvinout obrovsk\u00e9 \u00fasil\u00ed. B\u00fdvaj\u00ed to \u010dasto i velmi empati\u010dt\u00ed a tolerantn\u00ed lid\u00e9, proto\u017ee pochopen\u00ed a lidskost je to, co cel\u00fd \u017eivot pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed nejv\u00edce.\u202f\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Co z toho v\u0161eho plyne? ADHD je du\u0161evn\u00ed porucha, kter\u00e1 komplikuje \u017eivoty mnoha lid\u00ed a ur\u010dit\u011b ve va\u0161em okol\u00ed v\u00edte o n\u011bkom, kdo se s touto nemoc\u00ed pot\u00fdk\u00e1. Panuje kolem n\u00ed spousta m\u00fdt\u016f a nepochopen\u00ed, lid\u00e9 ji zleh\u010duj\u00ed, a dokonce i pop\u00edraj\u00ed. M\u011bli bychom ale m\u00edt na pam\u011bti, \u017ee ne ka\u017ed\u00fd se rod\u00edme se stejn\u00fdmi schopnostmi a pokud je kolem n\u00e1s n\u011bkdo, komu to, co je pro n\u00e1s snadn\u00e9 a p\u0159irozen\u00e9, d\u011bl\u00e1 velk\u00fd probl\u00e9m, tak spr\u00e1vn\u00e1 cesta je se zaj\u00edmat, sna\u017eit se pochopit, jak\u00fd je pro n\u011bj sv\u011bt a jak t\u0159eba i my mu m\u016f\u017eeme pomoct. Na ADHD je kr\u00e1sn\u011b vid\u011bt lidsk\u00e1 rozmanitost a to, \u017ee a\u010dkoliv jsme ka\u017ed\u00fd jin\u00fd, tak spole\u010dn\u00fdmi silami m\u016f\u017eeme dos\u00e1hnout velk\u00fdch v\u011bc\u00ed.\u202f <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pod pojmem ADHD si v\u011bt\u0161ina z n\u00e1s p\u0159edstav\u00ed d\u00edt\u011b ve \u0161koln\u00edm v\u011bku, kter\u00e9 m\u00e1 probl\u00e9m zvl\u00e1dat u\u010divo, navazovat kamar\u00e1dstv\u00ed a sk\u00e1\u010de od jedn\u00e9 k \u010dinnosti k druh\u00e9. A to je sice re\u00e1ln\u00fd obraz, ale jen m\u00e1lokomu u\u017e dojde, \u017ee to je nemoc, kter\u00e1 se t\u00fdk\u00e1 i dosp\u011bl\u00fdch a ovliv\u0148uje ka\u017edodenn\u00ed \u017eivoty milion\u016f lid\u00ed. Co tedy ADHD je? A pro\u010d to opravdu nen\u00ed jen v\u00fdmluva pro lenost?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":2432,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[189,188,71],"tags":[282,191,190],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zpravodaj.gymnsostelc.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2431"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zpravodaj.gymnsostelc.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zpravodaj.gymnsostelc.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zpravodaj.gymnsostelc.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zpravodaj.gymnsostelc.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2431"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/zpravodaj.gymnsostelc.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2431\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2435,"href":"https:\/\/zpravodaj.gymnsostelc.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2431\/revisions\/2435"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zpravodaj.gymnsostelc.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2432"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zpravodaj.gymnsostelc.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2431"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zpravodaj.gymnsostelc.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2431"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zpravodaj.gymnsostelc.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2431"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}